Lucy, by Jamaica kincaid

There are a lot of ways of reading this novel. It could be read, somewhat conventionally, with focus on Lucy, people and places. But if we look into the deep, we’ll see well-marked psychological picture of the young woman, her everyday struggle with herself. In â€Å"Lucy†, Jamaica Kincaid challenges the idea of passive/pathological sexuality in women. Lucy's deepest conflicts and her greatest anger arise from her relationships with her mother and then with her substitute mother, Mariah. Her own family seems fragmented, and in some sense her island community does, as well. The novel itself, however, does seem to connect mother and motherland–the island. That may explain somewhat the intensity of her anger and feeling of suffocation. Her rage against her mother is not simply psychological, an especially strong version of the usual parent-child conflict. Lucy’s relationship to her mother is highly complex; she has very ambivalent feelings about her. She is cruel to her, but also loves her deeply; she hates her and admires her at the same time. Although Lucy constantly discusses her anger toward her mother and Annie’s inadequacy and failure as a mother, she also peppers the novel with tender stories of their interactions. â€Å"I reminded her that my whole upbringing had been devoted to preventing me from becoming a slut.† it is one lesson, which mother gave to Lucy. Lucy describes her mother’s large hands, and her love of plants; she tells us of Annie’s lessons to Lucy about sex, men, and abortion, and of sitting on Annie’s lap as a child and caressing her face. Lucy also proudly shares stories of her mother’s life and her various triumphs. Despite Lucy’s anger toward her mother, she still feels a deep connection to her and identifies with her in many ways. Until she was nineteen years old, Lucy Potter had not ventured from her own little world on the small island where she was born. Now she is living with a family and learning a culture that is very different from her own. Lewis and Mariah and their four daughters want Lucy to feel like she is part of the family but at first she finds it difficult to fit in. She just wants to do her duty and in her off-hours discovers a new world through her friend Peggy and sexuality through young men, Hugh and Paul. Lucy often reflects on her life back on the island; the conflicts between she and her mother, and the British influence on the islanders. She remembers the time her mother showed her how to mix herbs that supposedly would cleanse a woman's womb but what they both knew was an abortion remedy. Lucy knows what is expected of her, to study for a respectable job like a nurse and to honour her family. She finds out that the tidy, neat world of the family she has come to love is not all it purports to be and how silence is a universal language. Lucy comes to North America to work as an au pair for Lewis and Mariah and their four children. Lewis and Mariah are a thrice-blessed couple–handsome, rich, and seemingly happy. Yet, almost at once, Lucy begins to notice cracks in their beautiful facade. With mingled anger and compassion, Lucy scrutinizes the assumptions and verities of her employers' world and compares them with the vivid realities of her native place. Lucy has no illusions about her own past, but neither is she prepared to be deceived about where she presently is. At the same time that Lucy is coming to terms with Lewis's and Mariah's lives, she is also unravelling the mysteries of her own sexuality. Gradually a new person unfolds: passionate, forthright, and disarmingly honest. Lucy leaves the novel crying with shame over her wish to â€Å"love someone so much that I would die from it.† Lucy does love someone that much, but she has thrown that love away because she could not adequately create a space for herself within it. When her mother tells her â€Å"You can run away, but you cannot escape the fact that I am your mother, my blood runs in you, I carried you for nine months inside me,† Lucy interprets that as a prison sentence. â€Å"To myself I then began calling her Mrs. Judas, and I began to plan a separation from her that even then I suspected would never be complete.†   Yet this is a prison sentence that all human beings must face, and Lucy’s way of dealing with it leaves her empty and ashamed at the end of the novel. Indeed, she states, â€Å"I was now living a life I had always wanted to live. I was living apart from my family†¦ The feeling of bliss, the feeling of happiness, the feeling of longing fulfilled that I had thought would come with this situation was nowhere to be found inside me.†

Individual Assigment Essay

Narration: The world of technology has evolved over the years, and that means the need for technology has increased as well. Businesses have evolved over time with the use of technology, it allows us to shop, sell, trade, and function overseas. As I read over your business plan it seems that it is designed to compete in the local market, as well as add value to the community. Technology will play a huge part in both, it allows you to create and implement a plan that will help increase profit and customer satisfaction. As your business will compete in the local market, you will need to consider implementing Enterprise 2.0 or Web 2.0. Both Enterprise 2.0 and Web 2.0 offer many benefits to help your company succeed and grow with the ever changing economy and local market, both will allow your company to widen your market from county to county, state to state and even other countries. Enterprise 2.0 The attributes of Enterprise 2.0 practices can be very useful and sufficient in brainstorming, sharing, and evaluating ideas by utilizing enterprise social networking. Enterprise 2.0 helps business decrease IT costs by decreasing the amount of hardware and software that is needed (McAfee, 2010). Enterprise 2.0 would be a good asset to your business, it would keep it cost down and allow the marketing that you need to be competitive in your local market. Web 2.0 Web 2.0 also has many beneficial factors that would also be a good asset to your company, it includes social networking sites that would create great marketing tools, it allows you to create website which can also be a great tool for marketing and it allows you the user to be in control over the data  used. Web 2.0 offer rich user experience, user participation, scalability, and freedom. Web 2.0 offers a wide variety of marketing tools as well as creating a safe and valuable way to increase profit, and safe guard your assets (McAfee, 2010). .

Outline and essay of Thomas Jefferson Essay

Thomas Jefferson I. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1836) II. A. Education- Was sent to Dover, Virginia, where he studied Latin with Reverend William Douglas until 1757. He was then sent to the school of the Reverend James Maury at Hanover, Virginia, and spent two years studying Greek and Latin classics, history, literature, geography, and natural science. In March 1760 Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary. B. Occupational Background- 1767- Jefferson admitted to the practice of law and became a successful lawyer. Also supervised the Shadwell Plantation. Was a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Took an active part in events that lead to the American Revolution. 1776- Jefferson took his seat in Congress as an elected delegate and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Served as Secretary of State under Washington and Vice president under Madison. III. Served two terms (1800-1808) IV. Key issues prominent in Election- federal government vs. state’s rights, westward expansion of the nation, Native Americans, the freedom of lower class white men. V. Opponents A. First Election (1800)- Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican), John Adams (Federalist), Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist), John Jay (Federalist) B. Second Election (1804)- Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist) VI. Vice President A. 1st term vice- Aaron Burr B. 2nd term vice- George Clinton VII. Political Party of Jefferson- Democratic-Republican VIII. Domestic Happenings A. Louisiana Purchase (1803)- The Louisiana Territory was purchased for 15 million dollars from France. Doubled the size of U.S. secured navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Authorized purchase without making amendment, exercised the president’s implied powers to protect the nation. B. 12th Amendment (1804)- Citizens are to vote for President and Vice President separately. Prevented future electoral crises. C. Non-Importation Act (1807)- prohibited importation from Great Britain of cloth and metal articles. D. Embargo Act (1807)- Stopped shipments of food and other American products to foreign ports. Many were thrown out of work because of it. Was created to maintain U.S. neutrality. Created as a short-term measure to prevent confrontation between American merchant vessels and British and French warships and to put pressure on France and England. E. Non- Intercourse Act (1809)- passed by Jefferson in his last days of office. Reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France, and authorized the president to resume trade with Britain or France if either of them ceased to violate neutral rights. IX. Foreign Policy Decisions- Stated under domestic happenings. X. Major Conflict of Administration- A. Tripoli War (1801-05)- A conflict between the United States and Tripoli, incited by American refusal to continue payment of tribute to the piratical rulers of the North African Barbary States of Algiers, Tunis, Morocco, and Tripoli. Involved North Africa, was extension of fight about protection from pirates in Barbary States. B. Marbury v. Madison (1803)- Supreme Court of the United States established its authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the Constitution of the United States. First time that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. Established Judicial Review. C. Burr Hamilton Duel (1804)- Hamilton publicly criticized Burr, Burr demanded for an apology and a duel resulted. Hamilton was fatally wounded. D. Republicans attack the federalist judiciary (1804)- Republicans were making every effort to remove federalist judges from power. The house was unable to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. Preserved the Court’s independence and established the precedent that criminal actions were the only grounds for impeachment. E. The Chesapeake Incident (1807)- British ship fired upon American ship that refused to be searched for deserters. Three Americans were killed, and eighteen wounded British seized four deserters, three were American citizens. Exposed American military weakness and increased the impact of impressments on the public. Would be the cause of Embargo Act. XI. Major Social Changes- A. People’s involvement in Politics increased. 90 percent of eligible voters cast ballots between 1804 and 1816. Political barbeques states, and new style of campaigning evolved. B. Slave revolutionist ideas began. C. American Art began to take shape. 1. Rembrandt Peale was one of most famous of first American artists. Was famous for his portraits of American presidents. XII. Major Inventions and Technological Advancements A. Robert Fulton’s invention the Steamboat, Clermont(1807) makes its debut XIII. Thomas Jefferson was a fairly good president and receives an overall rating of 6.5. His decisions and ideas were sometimes wise and sometimes foolish. Jefferson’s main goals were to restore government to its limited role, to extend the Republican’s power in the federal government, to establish republican virtues such as independence, self-reliance, and equality, and to reduce the National debt as much as possible. He also wanted to expand the nation and make it as powerful as possible. Like the presidents before him, he also wanted to maintain neutrality, undisturbed commerce, and no entangling alliances. Adams accomplished some of these goals. Initially, the national debt was decreased. Congress repealed all internal taxes, including the Whiskey Tax. Jefferson also declined to use the Alien and Sedition Acts against his opponents, and congress allowed both acts to expire. The Naturalization Act was also replaced with a much less severe one. He refused to recognize any of the appointments Adams made in the last days of his presidency, and awarded vacant treasury and judicial offices to republicans. He succeeded in his goal and got rid of the old Federalist programs he didn’t like. As for expansion, the purchase of the Louisiana Territory allowed Jefferson to achieve exactly what he had dreamed of. It also prevented war with France, over the Mississippi River. Accomplishing this goal however, contradicted his goal of eliminating the National debt and strictly abiding by the Constitution. Jefferson’s cabinet included Aaron Burr (1801) and George Clinton (1805-1809) as Vice president, James Madison as Secretary of State (1801-1809), Secretary of the Treasury Samuel Dexter (1801) and Albert Gallatin (1801-1809), Secretary of War Henry Dearborn (1801-1809), and Secretary of Navy Robert Smith(1801-1809). Albert Gallatin was one of Jefferson’s best  appointments. Gallatin worked to help achieve Jefferson’s goals in National budget. He cut the army budget in half and reduced the 1802 Navy budget by two-thirds. Gallatin moved to reduce the national debt from 83 million to 57 million. Robert Smith also had a significant influence. He oversaw the Navy that blockaded Tripoli to win the Tripoli war and also forced the Algiers and Tunis to renounce attacks against Americans. The president chose his cabinet because he believed they were the most qualified and wanted to achieve the same things he did. This was true for the most part, and his cabinet was on hi s side. The president and congress got along very well. The Republicans were in majority throughout his presidency so Jefferson had no problems with congress. When Jefferson declined using the Alien and Sedition Acts congress let them expire. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act, and created a new one that required less for citizenship. Congress also repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, so Jefferson could appoint a Supreme Court member. Jefferson controlled congress through his leadership of the Republican Party. It was firmly on Jefferson’s side and did everything it could to further the republican interest. Jefferson had to deal with domestic and foreign crises. The nations had built up a large debt, which could be called a crisis. Jefferson wanted to reduce the debt as much as possible. At first, he did do this by cutting funding. But with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory the debt only increased. In the seas, Jefferson was faced with a number of problems. Britain was practicing impressments. Senate passed the non-importation act but he suspended it in hopes of a negotiation settlement. Negotiations were unsuccessful so nothing changed. At the time the impressments of sailors wasn’t considered a crisis, but the Chesapeake affair made everyone aware. In reaction, Jefferson did not declare war, because he knew Britain had a superior Navy. Instead, he closed American waters to the British, and issued the Non-importation and Embargo Act. War may have been avoided, but by closing all American ports Jefferson created his own new crises. Smuggling resulted and the American econom y plummeted. By issuing the Embargo Act, he hurt his own nation more then his intended targets, Great Britain and  France. Resentment was also created throughout New England, and talk of succession started. To deal with this crisis he created, Jefferson issued the Non-Intercourse Act. The new Act solved the problems created by the embargo, but didn’t prevent any of the same problems that prompted it. The issuing of these acts was by far the president’s greatest failure. Although it was a failure, some good did come out of it. America’s industries grew. Forbidden to trade, Americans had to make their own products. The Embargo precipitated the Industrial Revolution. For Jefferson, the crises he dealt with are ones he’d rather forget. A minor crisis which Jefferson had to deal with was Aaron Burr’s conspiracy, the details of which are still unknown, either to establish an independent republic in the Louisiana Territory or to launch an invasion of Spanish-held Mexico. Jefferson acted swiftly to arrest Burr early in 1807 and brought him to trial for treason. Jefferson is not known as a good president for how he dealt with crises, it is the opposite. As for his accomplishments, the Louisiana Purchase was his greatest success. The territory was vast and benefited the nation in many ways. Not only was war avoided, but a mass amount of land was acquired. Navigation on the Mississippi River was also gained, which was extremely important for trade. This accomplishment was perhaps one of the greatest of any president and administration in American History. Thomas Jefferson was greatly respected by the people of his day. He was well known as a revolutionary leader and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was also known and respected as the governor of Virginia. He truly served the people, and was the first president to lead a political party. Jefferson was a leader, and everyone who knew of him saw him as one. Jefferson was frugal, simple, and fickle. From the beginning, Jefferson made it clear that he wanted to represent the average American, unlike the other presidents before him, he dressed plainly, even at his inauguration. He was frugal in that he cut spending as much as possible, internal taxes were reduced and the military budget was cut, with the exception of the Louisiana Purchase. He was fickle in that he did not hesitate in buying the Louisiana Territory, using Federal power. Jefferson was known to believe in strict interpretation of the Constitution and it did not state that the president  had the authority to acquire new territory and integrate it into the nation. The president and his administration influenced decisions made by future administrations. Jefferson’s decision to exercise the implied powers the president has to protect the nation set a precedent for future presidents. Many things Jefferson and his administration did also affected the lives of future generations. The purchase of the Louisiana territory would create a whole new group of people, called frontiersman. People would settle into the area and live new lives. Purchasing the territory, although causing further debt, was the best thing for the country. It would end up being an excellent investment. Jefferson’s embargo act, also had a dramatic affect on the future. He did not know at the time, but the embargo Act would enhance America’s industries, and start a whole new trend. When the president made his decisions they were thought through, although not always good ones. The decisions Jefferson made in foreign affairs were mostly correct, because the nation was not ready for war and to stay neutral was the best thing. But Jefferson should have avoided war by using methods other than economic pressure. Jefferson was fairly-open minded and would listen to others. It’s hard to say precisely how open-minded he was, because his cabinet and congress agreed with him on just about everything. Overall, Thomas Jefferson was a good president. Although his results were far from perfect at times, his intentions were good.

Project Planning- Human Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Planning- Human Capital - Essay Example If communication is not done properly, a project’s failure is unavoidable (Sheryl R.). One of the most vital tasks of a project manager is to communicate the performance evaluation of the project to its employees and the customer. Communication of performance evaluation is very important for the success and future growth of a business but it may be met with some level of resistance and unlikely situations. A project manager needs to well plan the communication before he starts a performance evaluation. He should make a status report on the progress of the project; rate each employee’s performance on a prescribed scale and a review of the customer’s satisfaction. He can either organize a question- hour session, a group forum, or a one-on-one discussion session (projectsmart.co.uk). In case of a wedding project, the manager does the performance evaluation on the basis of the services rendered to the customer; meeting the wedding budget limit, customer satisfaction, management of sources, quality of the service, time management, customer experience, efficiency and performance of the employees, their behavior with the guests and the overall wedding quality (Wedding project management).

The Impact of Family Ownership on Financial Performance Essay

The Impact of Family Ownership on Financial Performance - Essay Example Another problem with application of the data to test the equation is possible existence of other variables that the used data failed to control. While the research focused on studying effect of family ownership on performance, many factors to organizational performance exist that could confound the analysis results. Ensuring control was therefore necessary and could be achieved through identification of possible confounding variables and analyzing organizations with similar levels measurement of the variables. Analysis of potential effects of the variables for adjustment measures would also remedy their confounding effect to ensure suitability of the data in testing the model. Small sample size is another problem that that testing the model with the data faces. External validity is a significant factor to quantitative research and defines the potential to generalize findings from a sample to a population. The measure is directly proportional to sample size and the small sample size m eans that developed information and conclusion from the analysis cannot be inferred to performance of the categories of companies in Hong Kong. This limits the scope of qualitative research and renders the analysis ineffective (Hays and Singh, 2011). The probability value for the coefficient estimate informs the decision on its statistical and economic relevance. The probability value of 0.15, which is relatively small, means that the coefficient estimate for the relationship is statistically significant for an 80 percent confidence interval. This high probability cannot be ignored and justifies the decision for statistical relevance. Statistical significance is however more precise than economic significance by observing set limits for the significance. Contrary to this, economic significance exists even with a minimal probability of occurrence, as well as there is a chance. A probability of 0.15 for beta means a probability of 85 percent exists for a

Serenity in My Bedroom at Past Midnight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Serenity in My Bedroom at Past Midnight - Essay Example I selected Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. I longed to travel to another culture, time, and place. I wanted to know about Afghan beliefs and practices, as well as their food, music, literature, and clothing. Mom prepared my favorite chicken sandwich with generous chicken breast strips and low-fat mayonnaise. She always puts diced onions, several slices of pickled cucumber, and tomatoes and used toasted wheat bread. I sat on my comfortable reading chair with sufficient light for my reading session. I took a moderate bite size of my sandwich and tasted the spicy, salty, sour mixture of the mayonnaise, pickled cucumber, onions, and pepper. The chicken tasted moist and fresh, as well as the tomatoes and crisp tomato. The cold wind rushed in spurts from my window. I sipped hot green tea for every bite of my oven-baked sandwich. The warmth of my green tea relaxed me further. The feel and smell of a good book refreshed my spirit. I prepared to embark on a long and wonderful journe y to a faraway place. â€Å"Some Good Things are Too Good to be True† But sometimes, good things come to an abrupt end, which began when I forgot to lock my door. My eight-year old cousin visited us this afternoon. Or rather, his parents left him overnight. They wanted some precious â€Å"us† time, and now I understand why. ... His shirt reminded me of a tire that ran on mud with stones and twigs sticking out. My mind somehow disconnected from my physical body, as it felt the horror of a good night saying goodbye. I saw my reading self as an image breaking into pieces, and I heard the clattering of the pieces on tiled floors. Then, I went back to the real world. I heard him whining about our outdated PlayStation and asked when we would purchase a suitable Xbox for his recreation purposes. And I smelled something else that did not register immediately in my nostrils. He had some green puke matter on his collar. I sensed his sticky hand on my arm, while he said that I was not listening to him. I felt sick to my stomach, and soon my sandwich tasted like iron. Heat rose to my neck. I must have turned into an eggplant by then. My perfect night laid in ruins, as I listened to him chatter about his computer games. Rhetorical Analysis I created these two different impressions of the same time and place through usin g the tools of description, narration, and example and illustration. Narration refers to telling about events and characters. I used narration to describe myself as a character in my own story and to narrate the events of my story. The first paragraph showed that I enjoyed classical music and set aside time for recreational reading: â€Å"I played Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Piano Sonata No.16 In C Major to set the mood for my planned late night reading last Friday.† This paragraph also included my mother, who prepared an amazing chicken sandwich, one of my favorite comfort foods ever. Her preparation of my food and drinks indicated that she supported my reading sessions and that she was thoughtful and sweet. For

The Addition of Steroids and Antibiotics in Food Research Paper

The Addition of Steroids and Antibiotics in Food - Research Paper Example This increase in production means a lot of profit for the meat and dairy product industries but on the other hand it is also risking the health of its consumers. FDA and USDA claims that these hormones (steroidal in nature) are free from any harm. Antibiotics which are also used in cattle as preventive measures or to increase the weight of the animal are also producing health concerns in the consumers of the meat and milk. Although the use of antibiotics is banned in Europe it is still legal to inject the low doses of these antibiotics in America and Canada. First we need to be acquainted with Hormones and Antibiotics and to what extent they can affect the health of its consumer. Hormones are the biochemicals produced in the body of human’s as well as animals. Even though they are released in small amounts they control the important body functions such as growth, maturity and reproduction. They are produced by special organs which function to release the hormones according to the requirement and proper timings of its release. This is called the feedback mechanism of the body which manages the amount of hormone released. If body’s requirement of the hormone is fulfilled, by negative feedback mechanism, hormone production automatically stops. Unfortunately, if these hormones are being consumed from any outside sources they can cause serious consequences as there won’t be any mechanism indicating the red alert for the overconsumption. Hormones can be of steroidal or protein in nature. Steroidal hormones remain active even if they are consumed via mouth. Whereas, protein hormones needs to be injected as they are destroyed immediately in the G.I tract (Gastrointestinal tract) by the action of acids and other secretions such as insulin hormone injections by diabetics. Hormones are being used in farm animals to increase their weight and by the use of growth hormones they grow much faster and to a larger extent. They also increase the weight of the animal even if the animal’s food consumption is reduced. In cows, hormones increase the production of milk. Approximately 22% of the Cows are being injected or fed steroidal hormones to get the desired result. Thus, the faster animal reaches to the slaughter weight, the more profitable this procedure becomes for the industries. According to European Union Scientific committee on Veterinary Measures Relating to Public Health, Potential risk to human health can be caused by the use of six types of hormones, including both synthetic and natural hormones. Natural include Oestradiol, Testosterone and Progesterone. Synthetic hormones are Melengestrol, Zeranol, Trenbolone. (Artificial Hormones, 2006). Estradiol and Progesterone are natural female sex hormone and Testosterone is male sex hormone. The other three synthetic hormones are used as growth promoters. FDA approves the use of these hormones in sheep’s and Cattle but not on poultry and Hogs. Recombinant Bovine Growth H ormones (rbGH) is being used in dairy cattle but not on beef cattle.( Consumer Concern about Hormones in Food, 2010) The Committee also put forth questions regarding the issue of such hormone injected animal consumption can cause any imbalance in human hormone system. However, FDA and USDA continuously ensures the consumers that very little amount is

Inequality and Politics in the United States Essay

Inequality and Politics in the United States - Essay Example The following discussion aims at addressing economic and political inequality and discusses the role of social movements in improving the lives of the poor in society. Some of the important economic challenges facing the United States and other developed economies are the increase in economic inequality. Over the last two decades, no other industrialized country in the world has a bigger gap between wage growth and productivity growth than the U.S. The U.S economic inequality is at historically high levels because there is a great disparity in the way wages and income are distributed. Americans today live in an unequal society characterized by higher gaps in wages, income and wealth. Most poor and middle class households are left out in matters of economic growth and they watch as the GDP, stock markets, productivity and corporate profits rise everyday while their incomes stagnate or grow at a very slow rate (Kenworthy and Smeeding 31). The stock market has risen to 60 percent; the GDP is up by 8 percent nationally while the median house hold income has fallen by 5 percent. From the year 1979 to 2007, the richest 1 percent of the population experienced tripling of incomes while those of the middle households rose only to about 25 percent. Currently, the richest 1 percent claims ownership to over 60 percent of the total wealth while 5 percent of the richest people claim over 60 percent of the total wealth in the United States. The gender and racial gap in wages, incomes and wealth has also widened throughout the period. While racial segregation has reduced in the last ten years, economic segregation has been on the rise. The great recession through 2010/2011 had its negative effects on the U.S. economy. Indeed it has permanently and negatively changed the level of well being as well as the distribution of resources in the whole country. With the nation’s economic growth abruptly halted during the 2008 recession, many workers turned

Race Relationships in US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Race Relationships in US - Essay Example This necessitated former confederates and the southern legislatures to pass laws called black codes, which greatly limited African American rights and segregated them from the whites. In 1877, recontruction was ended when Democratic parties reclaimed control of the south, which was very devastating for blacks since all the gains they had made such as forming political parties, voting rights as well as participation as equal entities were reversed. Thus the south, slowly reinstated laws that were racially discriminating and whose agenda was to segregate as well as disenfranchisement. The Democratic Party started stopping African Americans from voting so as to take away the power African Americans had gained. There were several ways to prevent blacks from voting and they included; poll taxes, literacy tests as well as charging of fees at voting booths. Additionally, in 1883, the civil rights case saw the Supreme Court declare that Congress lacked power to stop private acts of prejudice. The police and legal system supported segregation. Thousands of blacks were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan as well as other terrorists groups such as Knights of White Camellia. Thus prominent black land owners, community leaders as well as politicians. The Jim Crow laws entrenched discrimination. This was a system of customs and laws that imposed racial discrimination and segregation throughout the US, particularly in the south, beginning from the late 19th century to the 1960s.These laws did not particularly mention race, however they were written and applied in a manner that prejudiced African Americans. These laws ensured segregation in stores, libraries, entertainment as well as stores. This really fuelled an atmosphere of racial discrimination and there was a rise in rioting, Ku Klux Klan and lynching. Blacks, mostly in south were discriminated against in housing and jobs and frequently deprived of their constitutional

Unemployment Discrimination Essay Example for Free

Unemployment Discrimination Essay The downturn in the economy has resulted in a high percentage of long-term unemployed people. To combat the issue, legislatures are attempting to make it illegal nationwide for employers to post job openings that bar unemployed applicants, and by making unemployment a protected classification. As these proposed laws will impact businesses and how they operate, it is crucial for businesses, human resource professionals, and labor and employment counsel to understand the changing laws and the implications on employers with operations in each affected state. Once a better understanding of the anti-unemployment discrimination issue is gained, employers will be better prepared to comply with the existing and potential laws so as to avoid penalties. Findings will show that there are better ways to deal with the issue as opposed to making unemployed discrimination a protected classification. Research into the issue was derived from the National Conference of State Legislatures, law journals, legal updates, news articles, and statutes. By using these resources, it was discovered that proposed anti-unemployment discrimination laws are failing, that unemployment becomes an issue during times of economic crisis, and that existing federal and state laws already protect people from discrimination with respect to employment-related decisions. Findings from research indicate that there is no one method that can help improve the unemployment rate. Instead of making it illegal for employers to make hiring decisions while considering a person’s unemployment status, the government should work in conjunction with employers by offering incentives and training programs to help reduce the unemployment figures. Shouldn’t employers be able to consider an applicant’s unemployment status without being fearful of accusations of unemployment discrimination? Unfortunately, employers in certain states today can be penalized for refusing to hire job applicants if the hiring decision is based on an applicant’s unemployment status or if a job vacancy advertisement includes language that bars unemployed persons from applying. Within the past two years, New Jersey, Oregon, and Washington, D. C. have enacted legislation that makes it illegal for employers to discriminate against job applicants based upon their unemployment status. Most recently, the State of New York has made unemployment status a protected trait. New York’s law will come into effect on June 11, 2013 (Morea, 2013). The economy and difficulty obtaining gainful employment can be frustrating for a lot of people today, but despite the issue, employers should always be able to select the strongest candidate for a job opening without having to fear allegations of unemployment discrimination. In essence, an employer should be afforded the right to select a candidate with relevant, recent employment history over a candidate that has been out of the workplace for a considerable amount of time, especially where an applicant has an inadequate explanation for gaps in employment. Despite New York’s stringent, pending statute that will authorize an individual to bring a private action for occurrences of joblessness discrimination, similar proposed laws are failing federally and state-wide (NCLS 2013). The failed legislative bills, along with the new anti-unemployment discrimination laws, are discussed at length below. The compelling reason behind the failure of proposed anti-unemployment discrimination laws is that there is strong sentiment that such laws, if passed, may expose companies to lawsuits, which in turn will likely cause employers to become even more selective in inviting candidates for interviews so as to avoid unemployment discrimination suits (Pear, 2011). An employer should always be able to consider a candidate’s length of unemployment as part of its big picture hiring strategy. It just makes business sense. For example, say that Company 2Y, LLP has a job opening in a demographic area where the unemployment figures are staggering. In response to its job posting, thousands of applications are received; however, only one candidate is needed to fill the position. In order to streamline the hiring process, Company 2Y, LLP is going to weed out any applications or resumes where an applicant does not possess recent, relevant experience. In this manner, Company 2Y, LLP is able to cull the staggering numbers of resumes down to those resumes of candidates that are currently employed in the same line of work. By doing this, Company 2Y, LLP will be able to limit the amount of people it invites for an interview, and will be assured it is getting a top-notch employee that is up to par with the latest technological advances and business practices in the given field. In all states aside from Oregon, New Jersey, New York and Washington, D. C. , this hiring scenario would be a legitimate practice so long as the company does not have any protocols in place that set out to disqualify applicants based on a protected characteristic such as race, disability or those candidates that are over age 40. As it stands, people already have laws protecting them from discriminatory practices with respect to employment, so why is there a need to make unemployment a protected characteristic, especially considering that it is a state of being and not a permanent trait such as one’s color, gender, race, national origin, age, or disability. As stated, there are already sufficient laws and administrative agencies such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and local state agencies such as the Department of Fair Employment and Housing and the Department of Labor that are charged with combatting discriminatory animus in employment.

Issues of Equality in Jamaica

Issues of Equality in Jamaica Introduction The following discussion will look around on the subject of equality in Jamaica using the experiences of an interviewee who is a female 63 year old British citizen that was born in Hanover in Jamaica on the 14th of March 1951 to draw out conclusions. She lived with family guardians as her mum died when she was 5 and her dad lived in the UK, but she had many brothers and sisters. She was loosely home schooled in Jamaica until she was 12 when she finally went to a Jamaican senior school called Mount Hannah. She had very a restricted education as her guardians wanted her to carry out manual work at home rather than pursuing an education. This resulted in here not having a structured education regime as even when she started to go to school she was forced into taking days off to look after her younger siblings or carry out manual tasks at home. Her childhood was in the middle of the creation of the Ministry of Education in 1953 (Ennew Et Al , 1982) and Jamaica’s transition to inde pendence that was pushed by Caribbean nationalists from after the Second World War (Mawby, 2012) to come to pass finally in 1962 (Welsh, 2012) . During this period there was educational reform especially in the early 60s with a big push to increase the number of schools since in the 1950s secondary school education in Jamaica was very limited (Miller 1990). There were 25 children in her school year and their average school day was from 9-3. Her class had only one teacher that taught them all English and mathematics. She finished school when she was 15 years old without any major qualifications and then continued to carry out more rigorous labour work full time. Work ranged from doing house work and babysitting to working on their house farm where she done tasks like carrying the water and the food to their home across long distances. The interviewee was 16 in 1967 she came to live in Coventry in England with her step mum, dad and younger sisters and brothers. During this time she dreamed of becoming a nurse as she enjoyed looking after her younger siblings. She eventually got the opportunity to take a test to become a nurse but she unfortunately failed the test due to a lack of knowledge in the key areas that was essential to know. After this she decided to go straight to work to help her family as a machinist as it was one of the few options that she had with her education. After a year she decided to move out and change job, but again the easier job for her to find with her experiences was as a machinist. In 1970 she had a daughter so took time off work for one and a half years to look after her. Afterwards she then went back to work for the same company but as a cable former but she also started to work as a barmaid at a pub during the weekends. As she enjoyed bar work and with it being more flexible for her to look after her daughter she continued her career as a barmaid by moving to work full time at a bar in 1974. She however had an area of unemployment from 1976-1979 but she then began to work as a barmaid again for 4 years and then later worked in a wide range of bars and bingos and casino’s behind the bar. During the late 80s she done various training courses as they became much more available in computing and shorthand writing with the hopes of becoming a receptionist, but in 1991 she became pregnant again had a baby Boy. For the rest of her life she brought up her son as a single parent and done voluntary work at various charity shops and carried out a few cleaning part time jobs. Since 2013 she has become a pensioner and is no longer pursuing work. Gender Gender was an identify factor that effected the interviewee’s education. The interviewee said that apart from the â€Å"major subjects† they had two extracurricular activities that they could do. It was compulsory for girls to do sewing and for boys to do gardening for the school garden. The interviewee said that when telling the teacher that she â€Å"wanted to go and do the gardening with the boys† he said â€Å"no† and when she refused she â€Å"went into the school and hide† because she â€Å"didn’t want to do sewing†. Because of this a teacher found her and said that if she didn’t do the sewing she would be â€Å"expelled† so she went back in and do the sewing. However as a punishment she was hit by the headmaster as she says â€Å"he gave me the cane on my hand and told me to go and do sewing, he hit me twice, and then said sit down and do the sewing† goes on to say that she â€Å"hated him after that† . This would affect girls and boy’s life chances because it would lower the possibility for boys to get the chance to be interested in sewing and the chance for women to be interested in gardening and thus meaning that their future career aspirations would be influenced away from either career paths. This is also a sexist approach as it implies that women should do the sewing which is more of a house wife job, whereas men should do more hands on jobs such as gardening. This could potentially precondition how children think about themselves and then lead them into believing sexist stereotypes. However if the children had the choice of what activity they wanted to do it would have been fairer and would have gave everyone the same equal opportunities. However when asked if she felt like there was less opportunity for girls than boys in the core subjects she replied â€Å"no we all had the same classes and same subjects† meaning that at least for code subjects there wasn’t the same level of gender discrimination. Social class Social class has been a major factor to the participant’s educational background as she found that coming from a very poor background highly influenced her education into making an impact on some of her life chances. If the interviewee had a different social upbringing then her family could have afforded the money for her to go to school from a young age instead of giving her house jobs to do. This was not a unique case in Jamaica during this period though as high adult unemployment contributed into generating households without male breadwinners thus meaning that children were expected to fend for themselves and to contribute in the household from a young age (Ennew Et Al, 1982). This resulted in many children dropping out of school around the age of 10 or 12 years, to earn money by working (Ennew Et Al, 1982). Because of this it directly affected her life chances as with little education it gave her the minimal opportunities to fully fulfil her potential in school. Education was compulsory in Jamaica back in the 50s but it wasn’t enforced, if parents were punished for children not going to school then this would have meant that the interviewee would have been in education from beginning to end. This is partially due to the policies like the Education Act to define the functions, roles, rights, and powers of the Boards, the Minister, principals, teachers, and students to not being fully developed until 1965 (Ennew Et Al, 1982). One positive however was when the interviewee said â€Å"everyone wore uniform† which showed an effort was made to make everyone feel equal. However as The interviewee’s family was poor she didn’t have shoes to wear to school unlike other children. She did however say that people didn’t look down on others for not having much money and that â€Å"I go to school without any shoes, I didn’t have shoes, and they didn’t bully me. They didn’t laugh at me or anything†. This was a positive aspect of her schooling; as they didn’t judge her for it even though it would have identified that she was from a low class background. When asked if children that were richer at school, had better job opportunities when they left school, The interviewee replied â€Å"yes â€Å" as it directly affected her opportunity to get O levels. She said that when she was fourteen the headmaster asked her to â€Å"write to your dad† and â€Å"make him give you five pounds for books† so she could take her O levels but as â€Å"he didn’t send the money† for the books she couldn’t take her O levels. She goes on to say that â€Å"all the others took their O levels because they had the money to buy books†. Her life chances were affected by this as it could have helped her get a wider range of job and educational opportunities, but children with money would have had a better chance in life. Costs for books, uniforms, lunch, and transport deterred some families from sending their children to school altogether (1987, Meditz S) so for allot of parents any extras costs to school would be looked down upon. She goes on to say that she â€Å"needed† O levels to be able to go into college which could have been a place where she could have strongly expanded on her education and increased her chances in getting a job she desired. After the interviewee left school at fifteen she had a year of carrying out manual jobs for her family ,she said if id stayed in Jamaica maybe I would have ended up been a cleaner or something like that, because I didn’t have the qualifications to get a decent job. This shows that by her not being able to carry out her O Levels that social class and wealth affected what the interviewee was able to do as a job after she left school. Disability The interviewee said that in school â€Å"everybody was the same† when asked if there were any students with disabilities meaning that for our participant didn’t get much visibility of any inequality that people with disabilities faced. This shows that everyone was treated equally but this doesn’t mean that there weren’t any issues out there for people with special needs. Before the 1970s Jamaicas had very limited capabilities in being able to identify and manage learning disabilities in children. Because of this Jamaica’s educational system was unable to deal with the special education needs of physically and mentally exceptional children. It took until 1974 for the government to provide special education services, until then it was provided by voluntary organisations. This would have resulted in students with disability’s not getting the appropriate help and support that they would have needed to get the most out of the educational system. Even though this didn’t necessarily directly affect our participant it was clear that extra support wasn’t available to her if it was needed as In Jamaica the late 1960s only about 50 per cent of Grade 6 students reached the functional literacy standard.(Miller, E, 2011). With more additional help and support for those who needed it this could have been vastly improved and could have helped the likes of our interviewee to get more out of education. This would have had an impact on children’s life chances as by not having an education that is adapted to children’s needs Conclusion These topics all affected the interviewee in their own individual way during her life. Gender effected the interviewee because the extra-curricular activities that she could partake in was solely based on her gender and not her personal preference, this meant that for these circumstances her education was different dependant on her gender and not on her personal choices meaning that she was not getting everything out of education that she would have wanted .Social equality effected our participant as it meant that she didn’t have a good quality of education because of it due to not being able to be in school as much as others and not being able to get a qualification due to her dad not being able to afford books for her to take her exams. This resulted in her not being able to have an adequate degree of knowledge to pass her nursing exam that she could have gained through taking her O levels and going to college. Disability inequality affected her to a lesser extent but specia l support wasn’t there for her even though she didn’t go to school until she was 12 year old, and this would have strongly impacted on the potential achievements she could have obtained. These issues relate to each-other because they have all limited the scope of what was possible for the interviewee to achieve. Due to a substandard education with different elements of inequality she was not able to live up to her full potential. She instead for most of her life she carried out minimum wage jobs as she didn’t have many options with potential jobs that she could do with her skillset or even opportunities for her to go into education part time while earning a living. Sadly by being limited to only doing these kinds of jobs it made her not able to gain a diverse enough experience at work to be able to expand skills that could help her in other roles. This created cycles that lead her into carrying out minimum wage jobs for the rest of her life. Bibliography Ennew.J. (1982). Family structures, unemployment, and child labour in Jamaica. Ennew.J. (1989) Milne, Brian, The next generation: lives of their world children. Mawby S (2012) Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947-69.PP 33 Miller, E (1990) Jamaican society and high schooling. Kingston, Jamaica: Institute of Social and economic research Miller, E. (July 7, 2011). The State of Jamaican Education and its Greatest Challenge. Available: http://www.jta.org.jm/article/state-jamaican-education-and-its-greatest-challenge. Last accessed 6th Dec 2014. Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty, editors.Caribbean Islands: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987. State University. (2006). Jamaica Preprimary Primary Education. Available: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/728/Jamaica-PREPRIMARY-PRIMARY-EDUCATION.html. Last accessed 5th Dec 2014. Welsh. R (2012). Overcoming Smallness through Education Development: A Comparative Analysis of Jamaica and Singapore Current Issues in Comparative Education 15(1):114-131. Appendix Transcription Did you enjoy senior school? Yeah I did What kind of classes did you do? Classes? When I was at school I went till I was 14, and then I was in a mixed class with boys and girls. And I just do maths and English. Did you do science? Dint do science, just two subjects. Where about did you grow up in Jamaica, Mantana. Did you go to school here afterwards. No just in Jamaica. Did you feel like your schooling was limited because you only did maths and English? Yeah very. Would you say there was rich and poor people at your schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹? was rich and poor, I was one of the poor ones Did people wear different uniform, if they were rich would they wear better clothes? No we all wear uniform. Did you feel like anyone was horrible to the poorer people? No no everybody got on, just there to learn, everybody was interested in learning, no time for any bullying or anything like that. I go to school without any shoes, I didn’t have shoes, and they didn’t bully me. They didn’t laugh at me or anything. Did you feel like race mattered at school? No no no race nobody knew about race until she came to England. Because everybody is black, some was white and some were black, but nobody knew about it, didn’t have things like that. Did anyone at your school have disabilities, extra help? No everybody was the same; all seem to be on same wave length. Did you have more than one teacher? For me was just one, the headmaster, in our class, before we went to the sixth form we had another interviewee teacher. So when I went to school was in normal, then sixth form, and in sixth form he was the teacher, the headmaster So you didn’t feel like anyone looked down on each other where you lived, looked down on people for being poor? No no, Did you feel like children that were richer, they got better jobs when they left school? Yeah because when I was 14 headmaster said to me, write to your dad and let him give you 5 pound for books, so you can take your o levels, and I waited and he didn’t send it you see, so I couldn’t take my O levels, because I didn’t have any books, but all the others took their O levels because they had the money to buy books. What did you do when you left school? I left at 15 for a year helping round house, then came to England at 16. Did you feel like school effected what u did after school? If id stayed there in Jamaica maybe I would have ended up been like a cleaner or something like that, because I didn’t have the qualifications to get a decent job. The people who did the O levels what did they do? They went to a higher school, like a college, you call it college here they went to the higher school, learned short hand typing. If I was there I wouldn’t have been able to go because I wouldn’t have me o levels, needed them to go there. Was lucky to come to England. Did you feel like more men went and got jobs than women did? Well I didn’t know what boys did, but girls went to the higher school. But with boys and girls even though we were in the same class, we didn’t speak for some reason, everybody just quiet only one who spoke to us was headmaster. everyone seemed to ignore each other. was weird really. Did you feel like you had less opportunities than boys did at school did they have extra classes? No all had same class, and same subject. I don’t know if they had extra, if they did I didn’t know about it. When I was in school they had two things to do, girls do sewing and boys do gardening. Cos they had a school garden, so I said to them once a week they used to do that. So the teacher said I should go sewing, but I told him I wanted to go and do the gardening with the boys, and he said no. so I went into the school and hide because I didn’t want to do sewing. And sent someone to come and get me, and they said if I didn’t come and do the sewing I would be expelled. So I had to go back in and do the sewing. So did any one bully people? Well no after school only twice I had name calling because I was flat chested, used to call me pigeon chest. And when I had mumps jaw was really bigmouth called me barrel jaw. But that wasn’t in school that was out of school. When they saw me on the street. Was the same as was in my class at school; it was another school the next town away, another school next town away. So were all the schools quite spaced out really? Yeah. Did you ever get hit by any of the teachers? The head master, that was that day when I didn’t do sewing he give me the cane, and tell me to go and do sewing on my hand, hit me twice with cane in my hand, and said now sit down and do sewing. Horrible man. I hated him after that.

Research on Views of Food Packaging

Research on Views of Food Packaging Introduction To The Report: During the last two decades many important developments in the position of food in daily life of consumers and producers takes place. In earlier times consumers were self sufficient, but during the last two decades things have been changed and there was a rapid development in the industrialization of food packaging communication process. So this research study focuses on the area of Packaging which is one of the most important elements of marketing mix and many marketers had considered packaging as a fifth ‘P , while the other four Ps are Product, Placement, Promotional and Price. So packaging is used as an important marketing tool. In marketing terms, Packaging can be defined as: â€Å"All the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper of a product, Packaging is a structure designed to contain a commercial food product, i.e. to make it easier and safer to transport, to protect the product against contamination or loss, degradation or damage and to produce a convenient way to dispense the product†. Packaging mainly can be divided into three main types, i.e. Consumer Packaging, Transport packaging and Food Packaging. This study is specified only to food packaging as food packaging industry requires packaging material that provides efficient barriers, preserves product effectively and therefore increases the shelf life of the product 1. However packaging is criticized largely from the environmental point of view, because many researchers think that packaging is depleting natural resources, as certain form of packages are health hazards, and there is a significant problem of disposing of these packages. Marketing researchers have to deal with these criticisms, and must enhance the positive features of packaging, like product protection, preservation, containment, communication, consumer convenience and marketing support 2. In context of above description, this study is basically consists of observations, surveys and interview from the consumers in order to determine how packaging contain, preserve, and communicate the buyer, the importance of packaging on their buying decision process, how they get influence, and how a good quality and attractive packaging convince them to buy particular FMCG food products. Background Of The Study: The professional fields are becoming more and more challenging and competitive in the present arena. So, in order to endure and be successful in any field, you must have the deep knowledge and appropriate skills of the concerned field. In fact this is true about the fields of management sciences, in which the Knowledge and skills of a person can be polished, if he goes through some practical experiences. Therefore this study is mainly conducted to have the knowledge of practical business situations, because the theoretical knowledge might not always match with the practical situations, where we do businesses. Therefore this would be the socialization to the market in a sense of applying our theoretical knowledge in the practical fields. In this regard, I have selected the area of Packaging for my research study which carries a great concern in the present arena because in the last one and half decade the importance of packaging has been actualized immensely and by having packaging knowledge and designing skills, practically you can enhance your capabilities. Packaging has covered all the consumer tangible goods in order to create and enhance the marketing efforts. According to â€Å"International Association of Packaging Research Institutes† IAPRI, the packaging technology has gone through a significant and fast exploitation in recent years, and globally the packaging material and machinery industry is estimated to be worth of $ 500 billion per year representing almost 1-2 % of the GDP industrialized country, and over 100, 00 packaging manufacturing companies have employed approx 5 million people to serve all packaging business manufacturers company 3. Introduction To The Topic: The topic for my research is â€Å"A Hypothetical Study on the Impact influence of FMCG food Packaging on Consumer Buying Behavior† in which we will try to explore the variables of packaging which attracts consumer behavior and influence them to buy. Importance Of Packaging: Many researchers together with Price, Promotion, Placement and Product considers Packaging as a fifth â€Å"P† as a marketing tools, because they think that packaging is a face of a product which actually refers to the material that servers to contain, identify, describe, protect, display and promote a specific product. The main objectives of packaging are to keep the food in good condition until it is sold or have been consumed and to encourage the consumer to buy it again and again. Correct packaging is essential to achieve above given objectives. Yearly billion of pounds are spent on packaging food. Functions Of Packaging: There are many protecting functions and purposes of packaging that influence consumers to buy a particular product. The various functions of packaging can be divided into three main types: Primary, secondary and tertiary (additional Functions). Primary functions concerned with the technical nature of the product while the secondary and tertiary functions are related to communications. The Primary Functions of packaging are to protect and storage of a product from loss, damage or any kind of deterioration from environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, precipitation and solar radiation. i.e.; the durability of a package, because people wants material that will really protect the product they bought and something that can resist handling and shipping. The Secondary and Tertiary Functions of packaging are the sales, promotional, service and guarantee functions. The main intentions of sales function of package is to promote the sales processes and to make it more effective and efficient, therefore in designing a package promotional materials should be placed at right place, because it plays an important role to communicate about the product functions, features, and other informational elements. The various informational elements such as product features, manufacturing and expiry date, ingredients information, nutritional information, food labeling etc. provides the consumer with details about the contents and use of a particular product. Therefore these promotional materials should be properly placed on the package in order to attract the potential consumers attention and to have a positive impact on their buying behavior 4. Consumer Buying Behavior: The other main concern of the study is to know about consumer buying behavior or consumer decisions making process and how packaging can influence them to buy a particular product. Marella in one of her articles about packaging defines consumer buying behavior as the process by which â€Å"individuals search, select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods and services, in satisfaction of their need and want†. When consumers need to purchase something, they usually go for the brands which are trustworthy and try not to seek other products such as new products or   the brand which they dont know at all 5. Therefore at the point of purchase what communicates or influence consumer to buy particular product is only ‘Packaging. Quality judgments are significantly influence by the product characteristics reflected by the packaging. Because packaging acts as a communicator, and it underlines overall features and functions of a product that lies in it such as informational element s, product features, material used etc. so if the package is well design and attractive enough, consumer will likely to buy it especially in the case of new products. So, it is important that products should be well and attractive packaged to gain consumer attention. Purpose Of The Study: Success of a product depends on developing a strong relationship with consumer through an affective and efficient synergetic marketing mix, in which ‘Packaging† is one of the main elements to influence because packaging is the language of a product which only communicate to the consumer without any interpreter and has an immense effect on purchase decision. Most Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) is low involvement products. In low involvement, â€Å"consumers do not search extensively for information about the brands, evaluate their characteristics, and make a weighty decision on which brand to buy†, and as packaging plays an important role in success of a brand and on a retail shelf it is the last opportunity to influence the consumer to buy, so the main purpose of this research, so this study will be conducted with an idea of knowing the impact influence of packaging on the purchase decision of FMCG food products, which are mostly consumed frequently and also to know the experiences of the ultimate consumers about packaging. The research study is basically conducted to apply my theoretical knowledge of marketing in the practical field of professionals by interviewing different consumers and to know their views and preferences towards the importance of food packaging. The objective of the research study will be focused on: To know consumer awareness about packaging. To examine the influence of existing and new FMCG food products packaging on consumer buying behavior. To examine consumer experience of purchasing packaged food products. To understand how packaging can influence them to purchase their decision powers To know whether a good and attractive packaging of FMCG food products can influence consumers to buy it or not? Beside this the research is the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelors of Business Administration and the submission to the Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar. Methodology Of The Report: This study has been conducted with the following procedures: Reading Articles Reading articles are the formation of the strongest foundation. For this research study I have been reading and looking at different articles and research studies both in libraries as well as through Internet and searching through digital libraries the literature of the my research study.  Ã‚   Questionnaires The data for my research study has been collected from a representative sample of 250 people, who are responsible for purchasing the household food products and are also the ultimate consumers of the packaged food products. The sample from population was derived from shoppers at different geographical areas of Peshawar. The questionnaire was initially put to pilot testing on 5 respondents for clarity and validity. Through the use of questions related to the study, the respondents were highly encouraged to express their opinions. The questionnaire comprised of few questions, grouped in five sections: Visual Impact, Brand Information, food labeling and nutrition information, and new products purchasing. The impact of these variables is analyzed in the Analysis section. Responses of the consumers have been converted to frequencies and percentages by using SPSS software through which I developed the Bar chart or Histogram in order to explain the degree of impact of mentioned variables on the purchase decision I have also used the Pie chart method in order to find the most influencing variable on the purchase decision. Scope Of The Study The Scope for my research study is limited to Peshawar city and the sample for my research has also been taken from the population of Peshawar city for collecting primary data. The market, which has been surveyed, is limited to the consumers in Peshawar region. The reader of this research report will be able to understand the preferences of consumers about the packaging especially the food packaging, because consumers are more connected to the food industry. And also they would be having better understanding that how packaging can influence consumers purchase decision? Besides, this research study will also show the knowledge and understanding of packaging features and roles in the marketing efforts and new demands from the packaging industries as far as consumers are concerned. Limitations The first hurdle that I have faced is the unavailability of the secondary data about our local markets consumers therefore, in this stage I had the difficulty to find the relevant data as far as my study of research is concerned. Another limitation is the difficulty in collecting primary data in the market as I have used Questionnaire method but mostly respondents were not familiar about that how to understand and respond to a question being asked. Third limitation is time constraint, which is again a pressure on us to finalize the research report which might caused this research report be deficient in order to cover every aspect of my research study but still I made the best of it. Sampling The study population comprised of 250 people who are the ultimate consumers of packaged food products. The sample has been drawn from supermarkets located in different geographical areas in Peshawar and also collected data from the respondents in the universities. Scheme Of Report (1) Full Text PDF. (2) Packaging PDF. (3) Article URL: http://www.iapriweb.org/packaging_research.html (4) Information URL: http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/verpack/funktion/funktion.htm#anfang#anfang (5) Merella, Article URL: http://www.helium.com/items/1582891-packaging-affecting-consumer-behavior

Jack London :: essays research papers

Jack London fought his way up out of the factories and waterfront dives of West Oakland to become the highest paid, most popular novelist and short story writer of his day. He wrote passionately and prolifically about the great questions of life and death, the struggle to survive with dignity and integrity, and he wove these elemental ideas into stories of high adventure based on his own firsthand experiences at sea, or in Alaska, or in the fields and factories of California. As a result, his writing appealed not to the few, but to millions of people all around the world. Along with his books and stories, however, Jack London was widely known for his personal exploits. He was a celebrity, a colorful and controversial personality who was often in the news. Generally fun-loving and playful, he could also be combative, and was quick to side with the underdog against injustice or oppression of any kind. He was a fiery and eloquent public speaker, and much sought after as a lecturer on socialism and other economic and political topics. Despite his avowed socialism, most people considered him a living symbol of rugged individualism, a man whose fabulous success was due not to special favor of any kind, but to a combination of unusual mental ability and immense vitality. Strikingly handsome, full of laughter, restless and courageous to a fault, always eager for adventure on land or sea, he was one of the most attractive and romantic figures of his time. Jack London ascribed his literary success largely to hard work - to "dig," as he put it. He tried never to miss his early morning 1,000-word writing stint, and between 1900 and 1916 he completed over fifty books, including both fiction and non-fiction, hundreds of short stories, and numerous articles on a wide range of topics. Several of the books and many of the short stories are classics of their kind, well thought of in critical terms and still popular around the world. Today, almost countless editions of London's writings are available and some of them have been translated into as many as seventy different languages. In addition to his daily writing stint and his commitments as a lecturer, London also carried on voluminous correspondence (he received some 10,000 letters per year), read proofs of his work as it went to press, negotiated with his various agents and publishers,

Crusades :: essays research papers

Crusades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Crusades began in 1088 when Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. The reason for such a mass following of people to leave their homes and travel to the Holy Land to fight is unknown. There are numerous plausible causes, which will be discussed in this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason the Pope preached the Crusades originally was the supposed threat of Muslim rule. In truth the Muslims and Christians in the Holy Land had lived peacefully for years, but the Pope was also a politician. Many believe that his motive was to gain political power by gaining control of all of the Muslim territories. This feat was accomplished by the and of 1099 and four new states were set up after the first crusade had ended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is fairly easy to see why the Pope would want to incite the crusades, but why would normal people leave all they had to carry out this Holy War? Many people believed (because this is what the Pope told them) that all of their sins would be forgiven if they carried out this momentous task. They were practically guaranteed a place in heaven. Other crusaders went in search of gold and riches that they would take after plundering the Jewish and Muslim villages. Many younger sons of aristocrats went in search of land because their older brother had inherited the family’s land. An additional reason for men and women to go fight may have been pride. “Keeping up with the Jones’s'; is not a new concept. Many people may have felt pressured to join the crusades along with their neighbors and after committing to go one could not turn back with the penalty of excommunication. The crusades also created business for maritime cities.

Fluid Mechanics Lab

EN 1029 Laboratory Laboratory FM Declaration: In submitting this report, I hereby declare that, except where I have made clear and full reference to the work of others, this submission, and all the material (e. g. text, pictures, diagrams) contained in it, is my own work, has not previously been submitted for assessment, and I have not knowingly allowed it to be copied by another student. In the case of group projects, the contribution of group members has been appropriately quantified. I understand that deceiving, or attempting to deceive, examiners by passing off the work of another as my own is plagiarism.I also understand that plagiarising another's work, or knowingly allowing another student to plagiarise from my work, is against University Regulations and that doing so will result in loss of marks and disciplinary proceedings. I understand and agree that the University’s plagiarism software ‘Turnitin’ may be used to check the originality of the submitted cou rsework. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Theory 2. 1 Impact of a Water Jet 2. 2 Flow Through a Venturi Meter 3. Experimental procedures and results 3. 1 Experimental procedure – Impact of a Water Jet 3. Experimental procedure – Flow through a Venturi Meter 3. 3 Results– Impact of a Water Jet 3. 4 Results– Flow through a Venturi meter 4. Discussion 4. 1 Impact of a water jet 4. 2 Venturi meter 5. Conclusion 6. References Appendices Abstract Rate of flow was measured in two different experiments, Impact of a water jet and flow through a Venturi meter. The main objective was to calculate the change in momentum and energy loss in flow which was put under pressure. The experiment showed that results obtained can significantly defer from the theory if energy losses are not neglected. 1.Introduction Water is the most commonly used resource of renewable energy. In 21st century, hydropower is used in more than 150 countries around the world. It is also the most effici ent method of producing energy with 90% efficiency output. Impact of a Water Jet is used to show how mechanical work can be created from water flow. When a fluid is put under pressure, the pressure gives it high velocity in a jet. Jet strikes the vanes of the turbine wheel. This wheel then rotates under the impulse created by the water jet hitting the vanes. Venturi meter is used to measure discharge along a pipe.In this experiment, when pressure is dropped, there is an increase in velocity. Pressure magnitude is dependent on rate of flow, so by measuring the pressure drop, discharge can be calculated. Main objective of both experiments is to calculate rate of flow under pressure. 2. Theory 2. 1 Impact of a Water Jet From impulse-momentum change equation it can be assumed that force is generated due to the change in momentum of the water. In other words, force equals the difference between the initial and final momentum flow. Arrangement of jet impact apparatus used is given in Figu re 1 Figure 1Jet impinging on a vane is shown in Figure 2. Control volume V is used, bounded by a control surface S. The entering velocity is u1 (m/s) and it’s in the x –direction. The vane deflects water jet and the leaving velocity is u2 inclined at an angle ? 2 to the x – direction. Pressure over the surface of the jet, apart from the part where it flows over the surface of the vane is atmospheric. The change in direction is due to force generated by pressure and shear stress at the vane’s surface. The mass flow rate is . Mass flow rate is the mass of substance which passes through a given surface per unit time [kg/s].Experiment was done for flat and hemispherical vane. Figure 2 Force on the het in the direction x is FJ (N), then momentum equation in the s- direction is FJ =(u2 cos ? 2 – u1) (1) From Newton's Action- Reaction law, force F on the vane is equal and opposite to Fj F =(u1 – u2 cos ? 2 ) (2) For flat plate ? 2 = 90Â ° so cos ? 2 = 0. Therefore F =u1 (3) For the hemispherical cup, it’s assumed that ? 2 = 180Â ° so cos ? 2 = -1,so F =( u1 + u2 )(4) The effect of change of elevation on jet speed and the loss of speed due to friction over the surface of the vane is neglected.Therefore u1 = u2. So, F=2u1(5) If resistance forces are neglected, this is the maximum possible value of force on the hemispherical cup. Rate at which momentum enters the control volume, or rate of flow of momentum in the jet, is detonated by symbol J. J =u1(6) For the flat plate rate of flow of momentum in the jet is equal to the force on the vane. This is shown in equation (3). F=J(7) For the hemispherical cup, maximum possible value of the force is from equation (5) F=2J (8) If the velocity of the jet is uniform over it’s cross section it can be concluded that =? 1A (9) 2. 2 Flow Through a Venturi Meter Piezometer tubes were bored into a wall and links were made from a each of these to perpendicular manometer tubes, w hich were placed in front of a millimetre scale. Venturi meter is shown in Figure 3 Figure 3 It’s assumed that the fluid used is frictionless and incompressible, fluid flow is steady, and energy equation was derived along a stream line. Bernoulli’s theorem states that u122g+ h1 = u222g+ h2 = un22g+ hn (10) From continuity equation Q=U1A1=U2A2=UnAn(11) here Q is discharge rate( m3/s), and A is cross-sectional area of the pipe(m2) substituting for u1 gives u222ga2a12+ h1 = u222g+h2 (12) Solving equation (3) for u2 gives u2 =2g(h1-h2)1-a2a12 (13) From equation (4) Q=a22g(h1-h2)1-a2a12 (14) In previous equation it was assumed there was no energy loss in the flow and the velocity was constant. In reality, there is some energy loss and velocity is not uniform. Equation (5) is therefore corrected to Q=Ca22g(h1-h2)1-a2a12(15) Where C is the coefficient of the meter.Its value usually lies in within range 0. 92 to 0. 99. Ideal pressure distribution is given in equation (7) hn-h1 u222g=a2a12-a2an2 (16) 3. Experimental procedures and results 3. 1 Experimental procedure – Impact of a Water Jet The apparatus shown in Figure 1 was levelled and lever was balanced, with jockey weight at zero setting. Weight of the jockey was measured. Diameter of the nozzle, height of the vane above the nozzle and the distance from the pivot of the lever to the centre of the vane were recorder. Water was then released through the supply valve and flow rate increased to maximum.The force on the vane displaces the lever, which is then restored to its balanced position by sliding the jockey weight along the lever. The mass flow rate can be established by gathering of water over a timed interval. Additional readings are then taken at number of reducing flow rates. The most efficient way of reducing flow is to place jockey weight precisely at desired position, and then adjust the flow control valve to bring the lever to the balanced position. Range of settings of the jockey posi tion may be separated efficiently into uniform steps. 3. Experimental procedure – Flow through a Venturi Meter The objective of this experiment is to establish the coefficient of the meter C. Bench vale and control vale should be open so water can flow to clear air pockets from the supply system. The control valve is then progressively closed, so the meter is exposed to a steadily increasing pressure. This will cause water to pass up the tubes. When water levels have risen to a suitable height, the bench valve is slowly closed, so that, as both valves are lastly shut of, the meter is left holding static water under adequate pressure.Amounts were then recorded for values of (h1 –h2) and discharge value Q is recorded. The rate of flow is measured by gathering of water in weighing tank, whilst values of h1 and h2 were read from the scale. Similar readings may be taken at a sequence of reducing values of h1 –h2. About 6 readings, proportionately spread in the range of 250 mm to zero. By reading off from all the tubes at any of the settings used, the pressure distribution along the length of the Venturi meter may be logged. 3. 3 Results– Impact of a Water Jet Two sets of readings were taken, one for the flat plate other for the hemispherical plate.Table 1 contains readings for the flat plate and Table 2 results for the hemispherical plate. These tables can be found in Appendix 2. Mass flow is calculated by dividing the Quantity (kg) by Time (s) taken to collect water. Quantity should be converted to m3 where 1 kg water will be 1/1000 m3. e. g. If quantity is 30 kg, time taken is 52. 69 s, mass flow is 0. 569 103 x Q. Using the equation (9), u1 can be calculated. From uo2 = u12 – 2gs , uo can be deduced. For flat plate J can be calculated using equation (6). F is calculated from F X 150 = W x yData from Table 1 and 2 are plotted on a graph to give a comparison between forces and rate of momentum flow of the impact. Graph is present ed in Figure 4. Additional information are given in Apendex 2 Figure 4 (Series 1-flat plate, Series 2- hemispherical plate) 3. 4 Results– Flow through a Venturi meter Two sets of data were compared. Values shown in Table 4 are measurements of h1 and h2 at different discharges. In this part of the experiment C is assumed to be constant over a range of measurement. Closer inspection of Table 4 shows C is not constant as Q varies.Piezometer measurements are recorded in Table 5 and compared with ideal pressure distribution given In Table 3. Figure 5 Graph shown in Figure 5 gives variation of (h1 -h2)1/2 With Q. Equation of the graph line is y= 0. 581 x h1-h2=0. 581 x Qx 103 Q =5. 81 x 10-4h1-h2 (16) Substitute (16) in equation (15) to get a value of C. C= 0. 604 Figure 6 shows both ideal and set of results obtained in the experiment. Series 1 shows ideal pressure distribution, and series2 shows obtained results. Figure 6 4. Discussion 4. 1 Impact of a water jet Theory compares we ll with the experiment considering that the two lines have different gradients.In theory, gradients of lines are significantly steeper, and this might be because an error in the experiment occurred. Likely errors that might have occurred are measurements of mass of jockey weight; distance L from centre of vane to pivot of lever or diameter of water jet emerging from nozzle. If Mass of jockey was wrongly logged by 0. 001kg, Force on the vane would have 2% error. The graph that was obtained shows force on the hemisphere us less than twice the flat plate. This can be concluded from the line gradient. This implication is supported by the theory.In theory, no friction losses or any other kind of energy losses were included in equations. In the actual experiment, there were some energy losses like friction over the surface of the vane and effect of change of elevation on jet speed. It was assumed that velocity of the jet was uniform over its cross section, which would imply ideal flow. It ’s likely that this was not the case, and momentum gained by the change in velocity. 4. 2 Venturi meter Value of C determined in table A is higher than it theoretically should be. This is probably due errors that occurred in the experiment, like parallax rror. Air in pipes could have also caused an error in the experiment. Value of C obtained from Figure 5 gives a more realistic value of 0. 604. The difference between the ideal pressure results and values recorded in the experiment is acceptable considering the coefficient of the meter C that is not included in ideal pressure distribution. Flow of 1x 10-3 m3/s is expected to lie on a negative hn-h1u222g value. 5. Conclusion From both experiments it can be concluded that the flow was not ideal and there were significant energy losses that differ obtained results from theoretical results.In the impact of a water jet experiment it was proven that force on a flat plate is less than the force on the hemispherical plate. Therefore change in momentum flow was smaller. In the Venturi meter experiment it was shown that ideal pressure distribution differs from obtained results because energy losses effect the results. The errors in both experiments can affect the results significantly an lead to wrong assumptions. References Fluid Mechanics, Third Edition? JF Douglas, JM Gasiorek, JA Swafield? Longman Mechanics of Fluids? BS Massey, Van Nostrant Reinhold? Chapman & HallAppendix 1-Nomenclature Symbol| Quantity| SI units| F| Force| N| J| Rate of flow of momentum| N| u| velocity| m/s| | Mass flow rate| Kg/s| D| Diameter| m| h| height| m| A| Cross-section area| m2| ?| Angle of elevation| degrees| ?| density| Kg/m3| Appendix 2-Raw data Impact of a water jet Diameter of nozzleD= 10. 0 mm Cross sectional area of nozzle A =? D24=7. 85 x 10-5 m2 Height of vane above nozzle tips= 35 mm = 0. 035 m Distance from centre of vane to pivot of leverL= 150 mm Mass of jockey weightM= 0. 600 kg Weight of jockey weightW =Mg = 0. 600 x9. 81 =5. 89 NQuantity (kg)| T(s)| y(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| U1(m/s)| U0(m/s)| J(N)| F(N)| 30| 52. 69| 65| 0. 569| 7. 25| 7. 20| 4. 13| 2. 55| 30| 57. 81| 55| 0. 519| 6. 61| 6. 56| 3. 43| 2. 16| 30| 61. 28| 45| 0. 490| 6. 24| 6. 18| 3. 06| 1. 77| 15| 22. 76| 35| 0. 659| 8. 40| 8. 36| 5. 54| 1. 37| 15| 28. 12| 25| 0. 533| 6. 80| 6. 75| 3. 62| 0. 98| 15| 37. 09| 15| 0. 404| 5. 15| 5. 08| 2. 08| 0. 59| 15| 75. 09| 5| 0. 200| 2. 54| 2. 40| 0. 51| 0. 196| Table 1 Quantity(kg)| T(s)| y(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| U1(m/s)| U0(m/s)| J(N)| F(N)| 30| 52. 87| 120| 0. 567| 7. 23| 7. 18| 8. 24| 4. 71| 30| 56. 8| 105| 0. 527| 6. 72| 6. 67| 7. 08| 4. 12| 30| 60. 78| 90| 0. 494| 6. 29| 6. 24| 6. 21| 3. 53| 15| 21. 75| 75| 0. 690| 8. 79| 875| 6. 07| 2. 94| 15| 24. 60| 60| 0. 610| 7. 77| 7. 73| 9. 48| 2. 35| 15| 28. 32| 45| 0. 530| 6. 75| 6. 70| 7. 16| 1. 77| 15| 37. 32| 30| 0. 402| 5. 12| 5. 05| 4. 12| 1. 18| Table 2 Venturi Meter Piezometer Tube No. N| Diameter of cross-section(mm)| Areaa(m2)| | | | A(1)BCD(2 )EFGHJKL| 26. 0023. 2018. 4016. 0016. 8018. 4720. 1621. 8423. 5325. 2426. 00| 0. 0005310. 0004230. 0002660. 0002010. 0002220. 0002680. 0003190. 0003750. 0004350. 00050. 000531| 0. 150. 6900. 8701. 0000. 9520. 8660. 7940. 7330. 6800. 6340. 615| 0. 1430. 2260. 5721. 0000. 8230. 5630. 3970. 2880. 2140. 1610. 143| 0. 000-0. 083-0. 428-0. 857-0. 679-0. 420-0. 253-0. 145-0. 070-0. 0180. 000| Table 3 Quantity (kg)| T(s)| h1(mm)| h2(mm)| 103 x Q(m3/s)| (h1- h2)(mm)| (h1 -h2)1/2(mm)1/2| C| 12| 17. 67| 346| 20| 0. 679| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 236| 12| 17. 53| 346| 20| 0. 685| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 248| 12| 17. 60| 346| 20| 0. 682| 0. 326| 0. 571| 1. 242| 12| 20. 69| 330| 84| 0. 580| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 216| 12| 18. 40| 330| 84| 0. 652| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 367| 12| 19. 5| 330| 85| 0. 616| 0. 246| 0. 496| 1. 212| 12| 21. 36| 324| 114| 0. 562| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 275| 12| 20. 90| 324| 114| 0. 574| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 303| 12| 21. 13| 324| 114| 0. 568| 0. 210| 0. 458| 1. 289| 12| 20. 00| 336| 58| 0. 600| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 183| 12| 18. 31| 336| 58| 0. 655| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 292| 12| 19. 16| 336| 58| 0. 628| 0. 278| 0. 527| 1. 239| 6| 12. 23| 310| 176| 0. 491| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 395| 6| 12. 32| 310| 176| 0. 487| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 342| 6| 12. 28| 310| 176| 0. 489| 0. 134| 0. 366| 1. 389| 6| 17. 11| 298| 224| 0. 351| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 342| 6| 18. 5| 298| 224| 0. 317| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 212| 6| 18. 03| 298| 224| 0. 334| 0. 074| 0. 272| 1. 277| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| 6| 0| 296| 296| 0| 0| 0| 0| Table 4 Piezometer Tube No. | Q=0. 682 x 10-3u222g – 0. 587 m| | hn(mm)| hn – h1(m)| hn-h1u222g| A(1)| 346| 0. 000| 0| B| 328| -0. 018| -0. 0307| C| 202| -0. 144| -0. 245| D(2)| 20| -0. 326| -0. 555| E| 52| -0. 294| -0. 501| F| 142| -0. 204| -0. 348| G| 190| -0. 156| -0. 266| H| 224| -0. 122| -0. 208| J| 246| -0. 100| -0. 170| K| 264| -0. 082| -0. 140| L| 268| -0. 078| -0. 133| Table 5 Appendix C

Managing Diversity

â€Å"Consultant R. Roosevelt Thomas argues that it is time to â€Å"move beyond affirmative action† and learn how to â€Å"manage diversity. † There are a lot of issues that may be raised in this context†¦ Discuss. Compare â€Å"best and worst† organizations managing diversity. (Give examples)† Introduction Diversity is a subject that can be very powerful and emotional for everyone who deals with it, either directly or indirectly. Diversity topics deal with issues of being different and alike, inspiration and perspiration, sadness and gladness, privilege and lack thereof, culture and religion, tolerance and justice, and hatred and animosity. Diversity challenges and opportunities impact all nations around the world to one extent or another (Bahaudin and Jatuporn 2009). Human beings differ in age, social and national background, gender, sexual orientation, physical and mental ability, as well as religious belief and worldview. Diversity is a tough issue to tackle because it includes more than just race, gender, religion, ethnic origin or age. Every employee has a diverse background and a diverse set of beliefs. There is no â€Å"quick-fix† when dealing with an issue as complex as diversity. Valuing, managing, and supporting a diverse workforce can be done successfully only as a longer-term change process and one that must become the way we do business. Diversity People are not alike. Everyone is different. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-style, in addition to the characteristics that are protected under discrimination legislation in terms of race, disability, gender, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. Research on organizational work groups, however, has focused on other forms of diversity including differences in age, education, firm tenure, and functional or technical background (Jackson et al. , 1995). Diversity in groups and teams is often portrayed as a positive force leading to effective functioning of the team. It is a source of creativity and innovation that can provide the potential for future development and competitive advantage. Diversity supposedly leads to greater variance in ideas, creativity, and innovation, thus generating better group performance (Cox, 1993; Jackson, May and Whitney, 1995). Diversity Management The term diversity management originated in North America, but has slowly taken hold in other regions and countries of the world (e. g. , Hays-Thomas, 2004; Kaiser & Prange, 2004; Nyambegera, 2002; Ozbilgin & Tatli, 2008; Palmer, 2003; Palmi, 2001). The following is a brief definition of the term: â€Å"Diversity management refers to the voluntary organizational actions that are designed to create greater inclusion of employees from various backgrounds into the formal and informal organizational structures through deliberate policies and programs. Diversity Management is a strategy to promote the perception, acknowledgement and implementation of diversity in organizations and institutions. Managing diversity is based on the idea that diversity opens up alternative ways of perceiving, thinking and acting and thus enriches the organizations. The globalization of business is a trend that makes diversity competency crucial for many organizations. Cox (2001) notes, â€Å"The challenge of diversity is not simply to have it but to create conditions in which its potential to be a performance barrier is minimized and its potential to enhance performance is maximized† (p. 6). Diversity management refers not only to those groups that have been discriminated against or that are different from the dominant or privileged groups, but to â€Å"the mixture of differences, similarities and tensions that can exist among the elements of a pluralistic mixture† (Thomas, 2005, p. 93). The concept of â€Å"valuing differences† is the cornerstone of the managing diversity movement. It translates questions of competence into questions of culture. Proponents argue that †Å"non-traditional† workers who fail to advance are not under qualified, just â€Å"differently† qualified. Ethnic, racial and sexual groups, the reasoning goes, each possess a unique management style that will enable businesses to succeed in the global marketplace. Diversity management is also crucial for sustainable business growth because the increasingly diverse public evaluates organizations on their diversity management. Diversity should be a priority in any organization, because people are and will be the major source of competitive advantage. Diverse workforce at all levels should be created and sustained, and the full talent, energy, and ommitment of all employees in meeting business objectives should be engaged. This will help in enabling employees to give their maximum contribution in meeting the company goals. Advantages of Diversity Management There are some advantages of diversity management, among which are the following: 1-It can create a competitive advantage in areas such as marketing, problem solving, and resource acquisition. 2-It shows how the organizations are cultura lly aware. 3-It helps to use the full potential of all employees. Disadvantages of Diversity Management. Despite the grand rhetoric of its advocates, there is little evidence that diversity management can solve the problems it purports to address. In fact, it may make them worse. As diversity programs proliferate across corporate America, group infighting has become a problem second only to â€Å"backlash† by white men. â€Å"More and more groups are going at each other,† says Morrison. â€Å"The women's group vies with the black group for promotions. † Best Examples of Diversity Management 1. Xerox pioneered the most powerful accountability tool in 1984, when it linked managers' compensation to their achievement of the firm's highly detailed â€Å"diversity goals. Since then, many companies have followed suit, including Palmolive, Mead and Prudential Life Insurance. 2. Two major departments at Hughes Aircraft lost 10 percent of their bonus pay as a penalty for receiving bad â€Å"diversity report cards† after they failed to hire and promote the requisite number of minorities. The next year they headed the list for â€Å"behavior modification,† having found people to hire whom they previously â€Å"had said didn't exist,† according to Dave Barclay, vice president of work force diversity at Hughes. 3. GE Electrical and Distribution Control are other examples for ‘diversity management. ’ The number of entry-level African Americans recruited and hired has increased by over 10 percent since 1982, and an increasing number have moved into positions of significant responsibility. GE has defined diversity as a twofold concept. First, diversity concerns understanding that the workforce will increasingly include people who are different. Consistent with this change is the recognition that a mix of people who are diverse ca n result in value added and increased productivity. Secondly, GE defines diversity as a comprehension process for developing and maintaining a workplace environment that results in the full utilization of all employees. 4. According to DiversityInc,—the leading publication on diversity and business, annually recognizes companies that exemplify meaningful diversity management through their corporate practice—Accenture has been named to the 2012 DiversityInc Top 50 Companies for Diversity list, rising to number 12, up from number 23 last year. This marks Accenture’s sixth consecutive year on the DiversityInc Top 50 list and its fourth consecutive year in the Top 25. DiversityInc also named Accenture as a 2012 Top 10 Company for both Global Diversity and Supplier Diversity. Accenture has demonstrated strength in the four areas measured: CEO Commitment, Human Capital, Corporate and Organizational Communications, and Supplier Diversity. 5. One of the most signification examples of ‘diversity management’ in Egypt, particularly in Alexandria is the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. The BA strongly believes in the importance of diversity, and it is becoming one of the concepts in recruiting new employees. The BA includes, among its 2500 employees, a variety of employees with different ages, gender, religious and ethnic backgrounds. There is a large number of women working at the BA, among which is a big number in managerial positions. It also includes foreigner employees and internships from all over the world. One of the main objectives of the BA is to serve the whole community, including the disabled people (children, young, and adults), who enjoy a variety of services and activities, and there is a large number of tailored activities for them. In this regard, the BA also opens its door and gives fair recruitment opportunities for the disabled. There is a number of employees with different disabilities (blind, on wheelchairs, hands congenital defects) who are working very efficiently to an extent that they compete with the other employees in a remarkable way, and sometimes they perform even better. The BA also provides equal opportunities to all employees on attending conferences and obtaining trainings and scholarships abroad. The BA, among other organizations in Egypt and internationally, is still working on including ‘diversity’ into its organizations; thus, it is working on increasing the number of the disabled personnel to reach the standard international percentage. Worst Examples of Diversity Management †¢Phillip Morris (PM) is one of the largest tobacco companies in the world and has nearly 75,000 employees. Women are often assigned to run human resources and corporate communications departments at companies where men dominate the management. Phillip Morris claims that the company is â€Å"always striving to broaden the diversity of our workforce and are continuously working to identify, hire and retain the best qualified individuals, wherever they are located or whatever their background. † No wonder they call him the Marlboro Man; nine board members, zero women. †¢Cameron International (CAM) provides equipment for the national gas oil industries. The company has 17,000 employees, eight board members, no women in positions of major responsibility. Seven senior executives are listed in the proxy – all male. Also, all board members but one is over 60 – a sort of reverse age discrimination. Conclusion The globalizing economy and the increase in the number of multinational corporations make diversity management a necessity for companies that want not only to survive but thrive during this time of economic, social, and cultural changes. Diversity management refers to the voluntary organizational actions that are designed to create through deliberate policies and programs greater inclusion of employees from various backgrounds into the formal and informal organizational structures. Diversity management, compared with its predecessors (equal opportunity legislation and affirmative action programs), is proactive and aimed at creating an organization in which all members can contribute and achieve to their full potential. The reasons for implementing diversity management include having to adapt to the new reality of a workforce that is increasingly diverse, doing the right and moral thing, and gaining a competitive advantage. The challenge of diversity management is to break the harmful cycle that equates cultural difference with social/economic disadvantages. Therefore, although the emphasis on the business advantage of diversity management is probably a good motivator for companies to enact diversity programs, it does not mean that moral and ethical missions should be neglected or overlooked. To overcome these potential limitations, diversity management has to focus on both enhancing profitability and fostering social justice.