Significance of The Newport Sex Scandal, 1919

Significance of The Newport Sex grime, 1919Homo innerity is incompatible with army service reads the commencement ceremony sentence of the De fractionment of Defence Directive (1332.14)1. Exploring this statement through events much(prenominal) as the Newport Sex Scandal of 1919, we can determine whether this idea was plausible or simply a stigmatised generalisation on sexuality. This scandal follows the specific persecution of mans in the naval forces, in particular focusing on the Newport naval family. Many found themselves caught up in the controversy, including none other than president-to-be Franklin Delano Roosevelt. What effects did this have on FDRs future political career and his reputation as a whole? merely alike, how did the scandal help to concrete or redefine opinions on homosexuality and a homosexuals place in the navy?In 1919, at the naval base located at Newport, a sailor with an ear for gossip and a hatred for homosexuals2 would spark a scandal surrounding the ill-moral persecution of gays. Under direct install and arguably behaving in an agentic rather than autonomous state naval soldiers would entrap topical anesthetic homosexuals, both within the neighbouring communities and the navy quarters itself. The aim was to engage in sexual gratification, namely by accepting oral sex to completion3, in order to collect evidence against these men and provide a unshakable ground for the claim that homosexuality was spreading contagiously in Newport. After just three weeks of following out these orders seventeen sailors were charged with sodomy and opprobrious behaviour4. However, the egresss of this private and seemingly illegitimate probe were not expected. Instead of shedding light on the sup get under ones skind dangers homosexuality placed on the military and local community, the investigation found itself scandalised. The macrocosm alongside the media hit back at the investigation, claiming it was morally wrong to force naval so ldiers to carry out such acts in this play of entrapment. Though, it seems that the penalties for this soured investigation were of no real weight with many of the players left to fade out of the scandal keeping their reputations intact.One of the main key players, Franklin Delano Roosevelt came under attack as a result of his involvement with the scandal, yet still he went on to become hot seat of the United States. notwithstanding what role he played in the scandal is debated. As a result of Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels absence5, Assistant Secretary of the Navy FDR was left to act in Daniels place. As a result many believe that it was with FDRs backing and approval that the investigation made its track to the civilian population, at which point it moved from a military matter to a public relations disaster6. Seen as vital to the proceedings of the investigation FDR had authorised an independent effort to expose and expel the homosexual7. The develop expel highlighting that this was an attempt to rid the navy of a group of peck seen by officials as alien and unsuited to the military forces. Additionally, it is claimed that FDR had agreed that the investigation needed to take place with the aim of prosecuting those individuals responsible for the spread of degeneracy8. Again, the word degeneracy showing the threat homosexuals are perceived to hold in society, with degeneracy referring to the regression to a lower form of being. FDR continued to assert passim the investigation that he had not know of the tactics used in Newport9 claiming that the methods that were used in the investigation were vigor he had term or disposal to oversee10. However, despite FDRs inclination to avoid involvement both the public and Congressional investigating Committee failed to believe him. posterior Loughery claims that few peck believed FDR when the entrapment scandal broke11. The report into the scandal claimed that FDR must have realized that navy men had allo wed lewd and immoral acts to be performed upon them12.However, the scandal was not kept allay by the Committee. Instead it had blazed in headlines across America13 bringing FDR and other prominent civilians, such as the Reverend Samuel Neal Kent14 to the publics attention. Though the detail of the scandal were often to crude and lurid to print for example the New York Times stated details unprintable15 regarding one case study the media educe surrounding the scandal still blazed on a national scale leaf. The Providence Journal was a prime text that helped to feed the fire with publisher lavatory Rathom doing his best to inflame public opinion16 in a paper that was already hugely antagonistic to Secretary Daniels and the Wilson administration.17 Rathom would continue to attack FDR during his be clocks political career. Yet, despite the width of coverage and the depth of criticism of the scandal and those involved, it seems that FDR got off with nothing more severe than a slap of the wrist. The Congressional Investigation Committee resulted in Daniels and FDR being rebuked, sharply criticised for their behaviour. This was neither here nor there for FDR who had left his naval post in July 1920 accepting the Democratic Partys nomination for vice-president18. Despite FDRs physical removal from the navy, the scandal was still criticised with the New York Times headline of July 1921 (a year after FDR left his post) reading Charges of immorally Employing manpower19. Note that the sympathy here is for the soldiers who had to suffer the immoral acts as opposed to the treatment and entrapment of homosexuals.This lack of sympathy for the homosexual could be a result of many factors. At the time of the Newport sex scandal any physical relationship or act between men was considered a crime with the perpetrators considered shepherds crook perverts20. Despite there not being any specific legislation or regulations in place at the time, this did not prevent the U.S military from policing sexual conduct21. In fact, perhaps the Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 holds significance due to it being one of the first systematic attempts to purge22 homosexuals in the military. However, the term homosexual was not in general use during this time, the term itself had single come into being in the late nineteenth century amongst the psychiatric profession. More informal terms were used away from the professionalism of the psychiatric institutions. Instead, during the scandal we see words like cocksuckers and rectum receivers23 displaying both the lack of use of the term homosexual, and also the hatred mat for this group of people.The sense of hatred towards homosexuals can be seen in terms of everyday life and also in the wider context of the war. Homosexuals had always served in the arm forces24 but the problem came when their sexuality was brought to light. Newport had a notorious homosexual population25 in 1919, with these overtly flamboyant resident sai lors calling themselves the Ladies of Newport26. Often wearing ladies article of clothing and calling themselves by womens names, these men and their alter-egos seemed threatening with locals feeling in danger of being morally corrupted27. In a wider context, homosexuals seemed to pose a threat not just to locals but to the community at large. It seemed that a non-procreative population was in the very process of appearing during the war as homosexuals were get in the public discourse28. Both locally and nationally homosexuality was become a symbol for degeneracy in several spheres. Homosexuality found itself to be central in a Venn diagram consisting of society, psychiatry, the military and even the law in terms of its relationship with degeneracy. Therefore due to their status homosexuals involved in the scandal suffered a much heavier muckle then their entrappers. The majority of homosexuals that were caught as a result of the scandal were imprisoned, however it appears that all those entrapped were released and allowed to resume their civilian lives29 by the 1920s. Yet their punishment did not stop there, the entrapped found themselves casted out of their society and were left to find their way to a new life bound to the stigmatised note of homosexual. It is clear the the source of outrage against the operation was that good sailors were being force to commit immoral acts and were made perverts by official order30, the fate of the homosexual posed no real concern.The scandal poses a wider significance due its association with World War I, or as it was then known The Great War. It is almost inevitable to look at The Newport Sex Scandal in isolation while it sits so close to the end of the War, in fact it was only a few months after signing the armistice that FDR found himself in an embarrassing position over Newport. There seemed to be a desire in the years immediately after World War I to excise from American society elements seen as unhealthy or d ingy31 such as the influence of homosexuals in both the navy and society. The Newport Sex Scandal reflects this desire in its illegitimate proceedings and moral negligence, this idea of some(prenominal) it takes. For many U.S citizens and exemplaries, World War I had promised to do more their hope was that national virility would be reaffirmed and domestic uncertainties put to rest32. Yet, it seemed that the war didnt offer these condolences to the American nation. Instead it heightened the distinction between groups of society and pressed for harsher procedures and legislation against those that were deemed outsiders. Of course, this segregation and categorisation was emphasised further still by the maturement influence of the psychiatric profession at the time which had seen itself move from the arts to the sciences at the beginning of the twentieth century.However, this act of persecution against specific groups in society was not native to Newport. The Newport Scandal was joi ned by an increase in other radical groups and ideas of the time. It appeared that the post-war era saw heightened anti-Catholicism, the revitalization of the Ku Klux Klan, and, not coincidentally, increased lynching and demands to repair immigration33. More specifically, an earlier scandal in 1912 at Portland had seen prominent citizens arrested due to involvement in a sex ring at the local YMCA34. The American nation was following ideas of natural selection and degeneracy into a world of stigmatisation, seclusion and discrimination. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 was just one small scale aspect of this new world, and the almost dismissal (with regards to lack of punishment) of the authorities involvement shows just how easy it was to get away with such persecutions.The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 seemed to only hold short-term significance for FDR himself, with the report only being made public after the 1920 election in which he found himself elected vice-president. During this conjure Rathom (publisher of the Providence Journal) continued to accuse Roosevelt of mishandling allegations of sex crimes in the navy35. The scandal did not seem to damage FDRs reputation extensively, though at the time he came to be held responsible for the very thing he had sought to prevent the homosexualisation of the U.S Navy36. While the scandal continued to unfold during FDRs archean political career he won in the long run, capturing the Presidency thirteen years later in 1932. Throughout his time as President of the U.S he held relatively stable approval ratings37 hovering around the 50-60% mark and winning four elections in succession for his party. He would find himself remembered among the most influential Americans38. But, FDRs success came partly as a result of the manipulation of the military system by which the officers were protected and their reputations kept in-tact. It can be argued that never was fair to middling punishment meted out to those who perpetrated the campaign39 as all those who held authority in the scandal including FDR had their involvement played down.Perhaps, then, the long-term significance of this scandal can be found in its place in the history of homosexuality. As a result of the reports surrounding the investigation into the Newport Sex Scandal, many learned for the first time of a homosexual community in America40. It seemed that the scandal was one of the first to unfold the real extent and reach of the homosexual community. It seemed that almost nothing was known about gay life in America before Newport41. At the beginning of the century it seemed that the assumptions made about gay life in America had been governed by the concept of the closet and related notions of invisibility42. But how were these assumptions changed by the Newport Scandal?As a result of events such as The Newport Scandal in context with the War, homosexuality came to be seen as a model for decitizenship43. The Newport Sex Scandal of 1919 was as Lawrence Murphy claims the most extensive systematic persecution of gays in American history44. However this persecution of gays had been occurring since the Revolutionary War with homosexuality being grounds for exclusion and discharge from the U.S Military45 right up until the Dont Ask, Dont Tell policies were introduced. But, what makes the Newport Scandal so important is the publicity it held on a national scale. The richness of the scandals documentation has also proven substantial in the understanding and development of sexual identity, the course of homophobia and the urgent mainstream wish to ignore gay presence in American society46. The scandal also holds significance in its contribution to legislation surrounding the homosexual. While it wasnt until World War II that specific legislation was introduced, after this we see the result of lesbian and gay movements in which military policy became the subject of both protest and legal change47.However, despite its co ntribution to the development of the homosexual the Newport Scandal, remains by and large forgotten48. Minus the occasional play such as David Foleys 2012 production A Hole in the Fence49, which is surprisingly a comedy ground on the Newport Sex Scandal, it seemed that the media coverage and interest faded rather quickly. By the time FDR reached his presidency in 1932 it seemed that the Newport men and their sexually active entrappers, including Roosevelts part in the affair were ancient history.50 FDR walked out of the scandal seemingly un-tarnished and would go on to become more popular than ever before in the public eye.BibliographyPrimary SourcesGallup Poll, Franklin D. Roosevelt Approval Ratings, accessed 7 December 2013 http//www.gallup.com/poll/8608/reflections-presidential-job-approval-reelection-odds.aspxDavid Foley Plays, A Hole in the Fence, accessed 10 December 2014 http//davidfoleyplays.com/fenceBooksJohn Brennan, Ghosts of Newport Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lor e, (Charleston The History Press, 2007).Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals Sex, Sleaze and Spin, (Britain Pen Sword Books LTD, 2013).Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, domain Women, Gender and Sexuality, (Westport Greenwood Press, 2008).John Loughery, The Other brass of Silence Mens Lives and fearless Identities A Twentieth-Century History, (New York henry Holt and conjunction Inc., 1998).Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official edict The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, (New York Haworth Press, 1988).ArticlesTarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, Melissa Wells-Pentry and Elizabeth Kier, Rights and Fights Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness, International Security, Vol.24 (The MIT Press, 1999).Jane Gardner, Our Native cadaver Racial and Sexual Identity and the reservation of Americans in the Bridge, American Quarterly VOl.44, (U.S, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).Lawrence R. Murphy, cleaning up Newport The U.S Navys persecutio n of Homosexuals After World War I , (Journal of American Culture, Vol.7, Issue 3, 1984).WebsitesMark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted aerial Sailors, Ended in Scandal, January 2008, accessed 7 December 2014. http//web.archive.org/web/20080122100424/http//www.projo.com/news/content/gay_history_newport_sidebar_01-20-08_HH7RMQV_v42.1676c8f.html1 Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround Women, Gender and Sexuality, (Westport Greenwood Press, 2008), p. 301.2 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal, January 2008, accessed 7 December 2014. http//web.archive.org/web/20080122100424/http//www.projo.com/news/content/gay_history_newport_sidebar_01-20-08_HH7RMQV_v42.1676c8f.html3 Ibid.4 Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals Sex, Sleaze and Spin, (Britain Pen Sword Books LTD, 2013), p.71.5 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, (New York Henry Holt and Company Inc., 1998), p. 7.6 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.7 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the devising of Americans in the Bridge, American Quarterly VOl.44, (U.S, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 32.8 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 7.9 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.10 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 7.11 Ibid, p. 7.12 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, The Providence Journal , 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.13 Ibid.14 Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300.15 John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, (Charleston The History Press, 2007), p. 106.16 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 11.17 Ibid, p. 11.18 Andy Hughes, A History of Political Scandals Sex, Sleaze and Spin, p. 71.19 Ibid, p. 71.20 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.21 Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300.22 Ibid, p. 300.23 Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, (New York Haworth Press, 1988), p. 25.24 Tarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, Melissa Wells-Pentry and Elizabeth Kier, Rights and Fights Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness, International Security, Vol.24 (The MIT Press, 1999), p. 181.25 John Brennan, Ghosts of Newport Spirits, Scoundrels, Legends and Lore, p. 106.26 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 5.27 Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleG round Women, Gender and Sexuality, p. 300.28 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.31.29 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 13.30 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.32.31 Lawrence R. Murphy, Cleaning up Newport The U.S Navys persecution of Homosexuals After World War I , (Journal of American Culture, Vol.7, Issue 3, 1984) p.57.32 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 4.33 Lawrence R. Murphy, Cleaning up Newport The U.S Navys persecution of Homosexuals After World War I, p.57.34 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 5.35 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.36 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.33.37 Gallup Poll, Franklin D. Roosevelt Approval Ratings, accessed 7 December 2013 http//www.gallup.com/poll/8608/reflections-presidential-job-approval-reelection-odds.aspx38 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.39 Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, p. 2.40 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p.33.41 Lawrence R. Murphy, Perverts by official Order The Campaign Against Homosexuals by the United States Navy, p. 284.42 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p.14.43 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p. 32.44 Jane Gardner, Our Native Clay Racial and Sexual Identity and the Making of Americans in the Bridge, p. 32.45 Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround Women, Gender and Sexuality, p.299.46 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p.3.47 Amy Lind and Stephanie Brzuzy, BattleGround Women, Gender and Sexuality, p.299.48 Mark Arsenault, The Providence Journal, 1919 Newport Sting Targeted Gay Sailors, Ended in Scandal.49 David Foley Plays, A Hole in the Fence, accessed 10 December 2014 http//davidfoleyplays.com/fence50 John Loughery, The Other Side of Silence Mens Lives and Gay Identities A Twentieth-Century History, p. 12.